托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句分析:白堊紀(jì)滅絕事件
大家在托福閱讀的時(shí)候最怕遇到長(zhǎng)難句了,又難理解意思還會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句分析:白堊紀(jì)滅絕事件,供大家參考。
托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句:白堊紀(jì)滅絕事件
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreideieit). ( TPO42, 60)
abbreviation /?'briv?'e??n/ n. 簡(jiǎn)略,縮短
derive /d?'ra?v/ v. 獲得,得到;源自,源于
大家自己先讀,不回讀,看一遍是否能理解
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago (as part of a mass extinction) (known as the K-T event),(because it is associated with a geological signature) (known as the K-T boundary), (usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world). (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, (derived from the German nameKreideieit)).( TPO42, 60)
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析:
這個(gè)句子的主干就是:
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago
修飾一:(as part of a mass extinction) ,介詞短語(yǔ)
中文:成為大滅絕事件的一部分
修飾二:(known as the K-T event) ,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
中文:稱之為K-T事件
修飾三:(because it is associated with a geological signature) ,從句
中文:因?yàn)樗c地質(zhì)學(xué)上的標(biāo)簽有聯(lián)系
修飾四:(known as the K-T boundary) ,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
中文:稱為之K-T邊緣
修飾五:(usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world) ,同位語(yǔ)
中文:K-T邊界通常是一塊在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉積帶
修飾六:(derived from the German name Kreideieit),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
中文:源自德國(guó)名字kreidezeit
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句參考翻譯
大約在6500萬(wàn)年前,恐龍迅速地滅絕,成為K-T大規(guī)模滅絕事件的一部分,被稱作K-T是因?yàn)樗c地質(zhì)學(xué)上的標(biāo)簽K-T邊界有關(guān),K-T邊界通常是一塊在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉積帶。(K在慣例上是白堊紀(jì)Cretaceous的縮寫(xiě),源自德國(guó)名字kreidezeit)
這個(gè)句子的主要修飾成分就是從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和同位語(yǔ),大家務(wù)必想清楚,每一個(gè)修飾成分修飾的是什么,才能看清楚這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀:長(zhǎng)難句有哪些類型?1 修飾成分繁多
e.g. The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce
這種類型在托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題中常作為考點(diǎn)。他的特點(diǎn)在于有各種修飾成分修飾,讓很多考生找不到句子的主要意思,導(dǎo)致考生很難判斷整體意思。
首先考生要了解什么是修飾成分,考生才能把這些部分去掉找到句子主干。修飾成分可以分為三大類:
(1)從句:
限于同位語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句(形容詞性從句),狀語(yǔ)從句(副詞性從句)即去掉從句之
后對(duì)主干的結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有影響的從句。這里小編大致介紹一下各類從句,具體請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)偃シ约旱恼Z(yǔ)法書(shū)啦.
①同位語(yǔ)從句:是對(duì)前面的抽象名詞進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明的,被解釋說(shuō)明的詞和同位語(yǔ)在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系
e.g. I have no idea what he likes.
②定語(yǔ)從句:從句在主句中作用是形容詞。
e.g. There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.
?、蹱钫Z(yǔ)從句:從句在主句中的作用是副詞。是可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。
e.g. You should have put the book where you found it.
(2)介詞詞組:
from.. to… / of… / by…/ without…
(3)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式: doing, to do, done
現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)分析第一個(gè)例句 to investors, of developing tread, by sea, between East and West屬于介詞詞組是可以去掉的,that such trade could produce屬于從句,可以去掉,剩下的主干即:The high cost indicates the great size of the profits. 高的花費(fèi)表明了巨大的利潤(rùn)。當(dāng)然修飾成分也不用去得干干凈凈,以至于句子都沒(méi)有多少成分,失去了分析的意義;
2 固定詞組拆分
e.g. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not, practically speaking, renewable.
相比于第一種類型出現(xiàn)頻率較低。雖然在句子簡(jiǎn)化題中考的幾率不高,但在題目選項(xiàng)中或者是原文關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)中會(huì)常出現(xiàn)。特點(diǎn)在于如果對(duì)于固定詞組不熟悉,會(huì)導(dǎo)致找不到句子主干,甚至?xí)X(jué)得句子結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。
這種類型的句子要求學(xué)生平時(shí)對(duì)于固定詞組搭配進(jìn)行累積,這樣在句子中看到詞組一半內(nèi)容的時(shí)候就要考慮到后面是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)另外一半,才能把握句子整體的意思。托福閱讀中常見(jiàn)的拆分固定詞組有:so/such…that… as…as… neither…nor… from…to… between…and…等。
在前面的例句中就出現(xiàn)了so…that…的拆分,結(jié)合第一種類型去掉修飾成分,原文主干信息即: The heat is replaced so slowly that geothermal energy is not renewable. 熱量被替換如此慢以至于地?zé)崮懿豢稍偕?。而有些同學(xué)對(duì)于so…that…句型不熟悉,以為that引導(dǎo)的是從句,而去掉后面的內(nèi)容,導(dǎo)致整體結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。
3 倒裝句型
e.g. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference.
相比于前兩者難度較低,只要學(xué)生對(duì)于句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的了解,倒裝句型比較好辨析。并且句子倒裝后對(duì)意思整題影響不大,主要內(nèi)容相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)還是比較好獲取的。
這種類型的句子需要考生了解常見(jiàn)的倒裝情況,下列即托福閱讀中常見(jiàn)的倒裝:
(1)用于neither, nor 及 so后面。
Neither/nor do I.
(2)only +副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句,在句首子開(kāi)頭時(shí),后面的主謂需倒裝。
Only by working hard can we passed this difficult examination.
(3) 用于not only 之后。
Not only do I know Tom, but I am his teacher.
(4) 帶有否定意義的副詞或者狀語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),主謂就需倒裝。
Under no circumstances should we give up.
(5) to such lengths, to such degree, to such extent等表示程度的介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首,主謂需倒裝。
To such lengths did he go on with his windy speech.
(6)as 引導(dǎo)的方式從句中
She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
(7)not until, only when置于句首
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
在第一個(gè)例句中就出現(xiàn)了nor的倒裝,即商人和工匠也不能容忍…,所以nor后面的內(nèi)容是商人和工匠沒(méi)有的,如果不能分辨出這層關(guān)系,很有可能導(dǎo)致肯否定理解錯(cuò)誤,影響信息點(diǎn)的把握。
實(shí)用閱讀攻略丨托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析
一. 托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句
托福閱讀中為什么會(huì)有長(zhǎng)難句?如果托福閱讀中都是簡(jiǎn)單句那也體現(xiàn)不出來(lái)你高超的英語(yǔ)水平。簡(jiǎn)單地來(lái)說(shuō),就是為了測(cè)試你的英語(yǔ)水平,確保你具備像native speaker那樣的閱讀能力,不影響你日后到國(guó)外讀書(shū)時(shí)閱讀外文資料。所以理解托福閱讀文章長(zhǎng)難句對(duì)我們英語(yǔ)水平提升是有幫助的,大家一定要積極應(yīng)對(duì)。托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句有多長(zhǎng)?刷過(guò)閱讀題的小伙伴們都知道,長(zhǎng)難句少則兩三行,多則五六行,甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)一整段只有一句話的情況。長(zhǎng)難句通常會(huì)出句子簡(jiǎn)化題(細(xì)節(jié)題和推斷題也常涉及長(zhǎng)難句)。長(zhǎng)難句的難點(diǎn)就在于長(zhǎng),中文表達(dá)中很少會(huì)有如此冗長(zhǎng)的句子,所以大家初見(jiàn)英文文章長(zhǎng)難句會(huì)很不習(xí)慣。那么,應(yīng)該如何解決托福閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句呢?
二. 托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句如何分析
1. 簡(jiǎn)化
解決托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的第一步是簡(jiǎn)化句子。簡(jiǎn)化句子最為有效的方法就是找到句子的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。我們通過(guò)一個(gè)例子來(lái)看看如何簡(jiǎn)化長(zhǎng)難句。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
這個(gè)句子很長(zhǎng),但是如果我們找到句子的主干以后就可以將其簡(jiǎn)化成下面的句子:
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonists and established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
這樣看起來(lái)整個(gè)句子是不是一目了然非常好理解了。其實(shí)只要抓住句子的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),就可以迅速將句子簡(jiǎn)化,了接句子的大意。但是這樣還不夠,接下來(lái)還有一步。
2. 還原
簡(jiǎn)化過(guò)后我們可以迅速了接文章的大意,但是卻缺失了修飾成分,想要全面了解句意,我們要還要將句子的修飾成分歸還給各個(gè)修飾成分。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子,這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句“This is an old computer that works much slower.”的主干就是“This is a computer”,但若是不將修飾成分加回來(lái),我們就不知道這個(gè)電腦的狀態(tài)是“old”,而且“works much slower”。所以完成了簡(jiǎn)化以后要將修飾成分歸位更加全面地了解句意。
托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句分析:白堊紀(jì)滅絕事件相關(guān)文章: