英語(yǔ)專題輔導(dǎo)：動(dòng)名詞和分詞用法及必修三詞組總結(jié)
英語(yǔ)專題輔導(dǎo)：動(dòng)名詞和分詞用法及必修三詞組總結(jié)
高二是高中學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，不僅課程任務(wù)重，而且很大程度上決定著學(xué)生今后的發(fā)展方向，以及能否考入理想的大學(xué)。有著豐富教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師，向大家傳授高二各學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)技巧，希望對(duì)高二學(xué)生掌握良好的學(xué)習(xí)方法、提高學(xué)習(xí)效率有所幫助。以下是英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的主要學(xué)習(xí)方法。
人教版高二英語(yǔ)必修三第四單元詞組總結(jié)
1.無(wú)論是公汽還是火車whether buses or trains
2.穿過 get through
3.瘋了 as mad as a door
4.詩(shī)的樂園 a garden of poems
5.根據(jù)…分類 be sorted by
6.關(guān)于友誼和愛情的浪漫詩(shī)集romantic poetry about love and friendship
7.聚集到一起 bring together
8.超過其他文學(xué)的任何形式more than any other form of literature
9.靈活運(yùn)用 play with
10.喚起，使想起 call up
11.夢(mèng)幻世界的奇意象curious images of a dream world
12.兀立于榮光寶殿之上stand out in the halls of glory
13.遵循特殊的節(jié)奏和韻腳follow special patterns of rhythm and rhyme
14.以他的戲劇而聞名be most famous for his plays
15.使他們想起 remind them of
16.一旦被出版 once published
17.缺少節(jié)奏感 the absence of thyme
18.在每一行末 at the end of each line
19.許多杰出詩(shī)人 a great number of fine poets
20.在中國(guó)最受歡迎的是英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)人 Greatly loved in China are the English Romantic poets
21.英年早逝 die at a very young age
22.活到80歲 live to the age of 80
23.通向，導(dǎo)致 lead to
24.英國(guó)詩(shī)歌引進(jìn)中國(guó)the introduction of English poetry to China
25.把…翻譯成漢語(yǔ) translate into Chinese
26.現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詩(shī)modern poetry in English
27.不管一首詩(shī)被翻譯得多好no matter how well a poem is translated
28.原作的精髓something of the spirit of the original work
29.用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的方式ways of expressing oneself in Chinese
30.中西方的橋梁the bridges between the East and the West
英語(yǔ)專題輔導(dǎo)：動(dòng)名詞和分詞用法
在英語(yǔ)中，不作句子謂語(yǔ)，而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式;動(dòng)名詞和分詞。分詞又包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有：
1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由于不能用作謂語(yǔ)，因而沒有語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ)，但它往往有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)。如：
How can I get to know her? 我怎么能認(rèn)識(shí)她呢?(不定式to know 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I )
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是them)
I can’t bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他這么晚睡。
(動(dòng)名詞 staying up 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 him)
We being League member, the work was well done.(現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是We)
Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位?(現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 that)
They plan further talks with interested parties on this question.
他們就此問題打算與有關(guān)各方進(jìn)一步談判。(過去分詞interested parties 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 parties)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)，在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)化成各種從句。如：
The man standing there is our English teacher. The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那兒的那個(gè)人是我們的英語(yǔ)教師。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為定語(yǔ)從句)
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞)，在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。
The foreign guests hope to join the National Day celebration of Beijing. The foreign guests hope that they can join the National Day celebration of Beijing.
外賓希望參加北京的國(guó)慶慶祝會(huì)。(不定式短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語(yǔ)從句)
I regret being unable to help. I regret that I cannot help.
我感到抱歉，不能幫助你。(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語(yǔ)從句)
4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中能夠做的成分：
二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法：
(一)動(dòng)名詞：
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1、動(dòng)名詞的形式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。(一般式)
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請(qǐng)就來到了晚會(huì)。(被動(dòng)式)
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。(完成式)
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過。(完成被動(dòng)式)
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。(否定式)
2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：
1)作主語(yǔ)：
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。
It’s no use crying. 哭是沒用的。
2)作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
3)作賓語(yǔ)：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)要跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider,
admit(承認(rèn))，deny(否認(rèn)), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險(xiǎn)),
appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of,
dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep …from, stop…(from), protect…from,
set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to,
object to, pay attention to, insist on
4)作定語(yǔ)：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
5)作同位語(yǔ)：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。
(二)現(xiàn)在分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：
1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：
1)作定語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)放在名詞后。
I like the book lying there.
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.
2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：
The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,
catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
4)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)：
A)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。
B)作原因狀語(yǔ)：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。
C)作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
D)作條件狀語(yǔ)：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。
E)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。
F)作目的狀語(yǔ)：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
G)作讓步狀語(yǔ)：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H)與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。
有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
H)作獨(dú)立成分：
Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。
(三)過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1、作定語(yǔ)：
I don't like the book written by Martin.
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。
注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語(yǔ)，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
2、過去分詞作表語(yǔ)：
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動(dòng))
有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(開水)
fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨)
the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4、過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表?yè)P(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。(表示時(shí)間)
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。
5、過去分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的書期末時(shí)都還了，圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.地耕好了，他開始撒種子。
三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別:
1. 作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過去分詞做表語(yǔ)，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite， interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對(duì)……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The game is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ))
We were excited at the news. (過去分詞作表語(yǔ))
2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義，這點(diǎn)要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,
returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled,
newly-arrived, recently-come
3. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
Smiling, they came in.
2)過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Cleaned, the room looks nice.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。
目標(biāo)測(cè)試
1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _______ the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
2.I must make full use of the time ________ left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
A. there being B. there is C. there are D. there to be
3.He does nothing but________ .
A. complaining B. to complaining C. complain D. to complain
4.You're going to England next year. You should now practise ________ English as much as possible.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about
5.The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A. is B. being C. have been D. to be
6.If we don’t start out now, we must risk ________ the train.
A. miss B. missing C. being missed D. to miss
7.Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ________ her?
A. please B. pleased C. to please D. having pleased
8.The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed B. robbed
C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed
9.He is an ________ teacher.
A. advancing B. advanced C. being advancing D. advance
10.________ exceptions, the rule may stand.
A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D.To allow for
11.The local health organization is reported ________ twenty-five years age hen
Dr.Adudon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up
C. to have been set up D. having been set up
12.They stopped ________ , but now I’m getting interested.
A. listening B. to listen C. listen D. having listening
13.I heard him ________ the door
A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking
14. We don’t want ________ any comrades lagging behind.
A. there being B. there to being C. there to be D. there is
15.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined
16.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ________.
A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded
17.The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ________ prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
A. was B. being C. is D. having been
18.His victory in the final was no more ________ than I had expected.
A. convincing B. convinced C. to convince D. being convincing
19.Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s bed. He must have done nothing but________ .
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk
20.I appreciated ________ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
A. having been given B. having been
C. to have been given D. to have given
21.I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife________ .
A. to cut it with B. to cut with it
C. with it to cut D. it to cut with
22.There is no point________ further.
A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing
23.The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ________ large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
A. to provide B. providing C. having providing D. provide
24.On seeing the young child ________ into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue.
A. fell B. fall C. falling D. to fall
25.I am sorry to hear that you resorted ________ .
A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D. cheat
26.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering.
C. to be considered D. having considered
27.The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A. make B. made C. is to make D. making
28. All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
A. were canceled B. had been canceled
C. having canceled D. having been canceled
參考答案：
1-5 BBCCD 6-10 BCCBB 11-15 CBCCD 16-20 DBAAA
21-25 ACABB 26-28 ADD