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2018考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)

時(shí)間: 芷瓊1026 分享

  2018考研正在備考中,那么英語(yǔ)有哪些知識(shí)點(diǎn)呢?接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了2018考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn),一起來(lái)看看吧。

  2018考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):連接詞

  一、連詞性連接詞(連詞)

  連詞用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句子與句子。連詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,也沒(méi)有詞形變化。連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種。

  (一)并列連詞

  并列連詞用來(lái)連接句子中擔(dān)任相同成分的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句。常見(jiàn)的有七個(gè)單詞和四個(gè)短語(yǔ):and, but, or, for(因?yàn)?, nor, so, yet; both…and…, not only….but also…., either…or…., neither…nor

  1. and用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或分句,表示并列或?qū)ΨQ關(guān)系:

  The man put on his coat and hat, and went out of the office. 那個(gè)人穿上外衣、戴上帽子,走出了辦公室。

  A car and a dictionary are both useful. 汽車和字典都有用處。

  I went home and John stayed there. 我回家了,而約翰呆在那里。

  2. but連接兩個(gè)含義不同甚至相反的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句,表示轉(zhuǎn)折:

  Not everybody is honest and hardworking, but Tom is. 并非每個(gè)人都跟湯姆一樣誠(chéng)實(shí)肯干。

  We tried to persuade her to do it but failed. 我們嘗試去說(shuō)服她,但沒(méi)有成功。

  3. or表示兩者居其一,表示選擇:

  Which VCD player is better, this one or that one? 哪個(gè)VCD更好,這個(gè)還是那個(gè)?

  Are you hungry or not? 你餓了沒(méi)有?

  4 .for(因?yàn)?只能放在表示結(jié)過(guò)的分句后面,引導(dǎo)表示原因的分句:

  I must be going, for it’s getting dark. 我必須走了,因?yàn)樘旌诹恕?/p>

  He didn’t go there, for he was ill. 他沒(méi)到那兒去,因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>

  5. both…and…只能用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列的詞或短語(yǔ),不能連接句子:

  His plan is both easy and practical. 他的計(jì)劃既容易又實(shí)用。

  Zhang Yimou is a famous director both at home and abroad. 張藝謀是一位在國(guó)內(nèi)外都著名的導(dǎo)演。

  Both this plane and its engines are made in China. 這架飛機(jī)的機(jī)身和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)都是中國(guó)制造的。

  6. not only…but also…不但能連接詞和短語(yǔ),而且還能連接分句,also 有時(shí)省略(注意not only 位于句首時(shí),主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)需要倒裝):

  He is not only an actor but also a writer. 他不僅是演員,而且是作家。

  He not only read it but also remembered what he had read. 他不但讀過(guò),而且記住了所有讀過(guò)的東西。

  Not only did he say it but (also) he did it. 他不但說(shuō)了,而且做了。(倒裝)

  Not only do the nurses want a pay rise, but also they want reduced hours. 護(hù)士們不但要求加工資,而且還要求縮短工時(shí)。(倒裝)

  7. either…or…表示選擇,“或者…或者…”、“不是….就是…”的意思(注意either…or…整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)句子中的動(dòng)詞通常要和鄰近的主語(yǔ)相一致):

  Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你錯(cuò)了,就是我錯(cuò)了。

  Either you or he is going to get the job. 不是你就是他將獲得這份工作。

  Can I borrow either your car or your bike? 我可以借用你的汽車或者自行車嗎?

  If you’re late, you should make an apology to the host either immediately or later. 如果遲到了,你應(yīng)該立即或事后向主人道歉。

  8. neither…nor…表示“既不….又不…”的意思(注意neither…nor…整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常要和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致):

  Neither the students nor I am ready yet. 學(xué)生們和我都還沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好。

  He worked neither for fame nor for money. 他干工作既不圖名又不圖利。

  The girl could neither speak nor write the language. 這個(gè)女孩既不會(huì)說(shuō)也不會(huì)寫那種語(yǔ)言。

  9. so(因此),引導(dǎo)表示結(jié)過(guò)的分句,原因分句在前(與for相反):

  It’s getting dark, so I must be going. 天黑了,因此我得走了。

  I had a headache, so I went to bed early last night. 我頭痛,于是昨晚很早就睡了。

  10. yet (然而),有時(shí)和and 一起用,表示吃驚、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,相當(dāng)于but at the same time, however, nevertheless:

  She’s a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. 她是個(gè)瘋瘋癲癲的女孩,然而你卻禁不住喜歡她。

  He worked hard, yet he failed. 他很努力,然而卻失敗了。

  It’s strange, yet it’s true. 這事有點(diǎn)怪,卻是真的。

  It is only a little shop and yet it always has such lovely decorations. 那只是個(gè)小店,卻總是有漂亮的裝飾。

  (二)從屬連詞:引導(dǎo)從句

  1. 連詞that, if, whether,連接代詞what, which, who, whom, whose以及連接副詞how, when, why, where可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞從句,充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。非正式文體中的賓語(yǔ)從句常省略that:

  I think (that) he’ll be back in an hour. 我認(rèn)為他一小時(shí)后就會(huì)回來(lái)。

  Who they are doesn’t matter much. 他們是誰(shuí)沒(méi)什么大關(guān)系。

  Can you tell me where he is? 你能告訴我他在哪兒?jiǎn)?

  He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他問(wèn)我是否認(rèn)識(shí)約翰。

  此外,that, which, who, whom, whose, when, why, where等還可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

  2. 連詞when, while, before, after, till/until, since, as soon as等引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:

  She said hello to me when she saw me. 她看到我的時(shí)候,和我打了招呼。

  I’ll wait here until you come back. 我將在這里等你回來(lái)。

  3. 連詞if, unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句;because, as, since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:

  I’ll help her if she asks me to. 如果她要求我,我就幫助她。

  I won’t help her unless she asks me to. 除非她要求我,否則我不會(huì)幫她。

  He didn’t come because he was ill. 因?yàn)樗×?,所以沒(méi)來(lái)。

  As he hasn’t appeared yet, we shall start without him. 既然他還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn),我們就先開(kāi)始吧。

  Since everybody is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都到了,咱們就開(kāi)始吧。

  4. 連詞in order than, so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句;so…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:

  I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed. (=I locked the door in order to continue our discussions undisturbed.) 我把門鎖上了,以便我們可以繼續(xù)討論而不受打擾。

  The car ran so fast that I couldn’t see who was in it. 汽車跑得那么快,我沒(méi)看清誰(shuí)坐在里面。

  5. 連詞than, as…as…, not as/so…as…用來(lái)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句:

  He is better educated than his brother. 他比他兄弟受的教育好。

  He is as well educated as his brother. 他和他兄弟受的教育一樣好。

  He is not as/so well educated as his brother. 他沒(méi)有他兄弟受的教育好。

  6. 連詞although, though 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;where, wherever 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:

  I’ll go wherever you go. 不管你去哪兒,我就去那兒。

  Though/Although she is rich, she’s not happy. 盡管她富有,但她并不幸福。

  Stay where you are! 原地別動(dòng)!

  一般來(lái)說(shuō),連詞性質(zhì)的連接詞連接兩個(gè)分句或引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句,兩個(gè)分句或主從復(fù)合句之間用逗號(hào)連接。

  二、副詞性連接詞

  副詞性質(zhì)的連接詞不能象連詞一樣分句或主從復(fù)合句之間用逗號(hào)連接。也就是說(shuō)它們不能連接兩個(gè)分句或引導(dǎo)從句。它們引導(dǎo)的句子與前面的句子之間要用分號(hào)或句號(hào),而它們與引導(dǎo)的句子之間往往用逗號(hào)。副詞性質(zhì)的連接詞在寫作中常常使用,主要分為以下幾類:

  1. 表示順序的,如first, in the first place, then, finally, in the end等等,尤其要注意then:

  誤:He graduated from college in 2003, then he found a job.

  正:He graduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.(=He graduated from college in 2003, and then he found a job.)

  2. 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的,如in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover等。注意in addition 與in addition to 的區(qū)別:in addition 是副詞性質(zhì);而in addition to 是介詞性質(zhì),后面必須接賓語(yǔ)

  3. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的,如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 當(dāng)成連詞:

  誤:In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), however, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.

  正:In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.

  2018考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):It用法詳解

  (一)it作句子的真正主語(yǔ)

  1.it 指前面已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或事物,有時(shí)指心目中的或成為問(wèn)題的人或事物,作真正主語(yǔ)。

  例如:

  What’s this? -It is a sheep? 這是什么??這是一只綿羊。

  Who is it? -It’s me (I). 誰(shuí)??是我。

  It’s the wind shaking the window. 是風(fēng)刮得窗戶響。

  2.it指時(shí)間、季節(jié)。一般用在無(wú)人稱動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。

  例如:

  What time is it? -It’s nine. 幾點(diǎn)了??九點(diǎn)了。

  It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 開(kāi)會(huì)的時(shí)間到了,我們走吧。

  What day is today? -It’s Saturday. 今天星期幾??今天星期六。

  What’s the date today? -It is October 1st.

  今天是幾號(hào)? ?今天是十月一日。

  What season is it? -It is summer. 現(xiàn)在是什么季節(jié)??是夏季。

  3.it 指氣候。一般作無(wú)人稱動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。

  例如:

  Is it cold in this room? -No, it isn’t. 屋里冷嗎??不冷。

  What’s the weather like today? -It is fine.

  今天天氣怎么樣??是晴天。

  It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.

  這個(gè)城市夏天經(jīng)常下雨,冬天經(jīng)常下雪。

  4.it指距離、情況等。一般用作無(wú)人稱動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。

  例如:

  It is five kilometers from my home to the school.

  從我家到學(xué)校有五公里。

  It is very near from this factory to that one.

  從這個(gè)工廠到那個(gè)工廠非常近。

  It is a long way to the sea. 離海很遠(yuǎn)。

  Is it well with you? 你身體好嗎?

  2018考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):虛擬語(yǔ)氣

  現(xiàn)將虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的各種具體形式和用法分述如下:

  1、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí),條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were.而主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would (should, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形。見(jiàn)下表:

條件狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式 主句的動(dòng)詞形式
If+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式were.在口語(yǔ)等非正式場(chǎng)合中,I,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在IfIwereyou中,一定要用were,不能用was. I(we)should+動(dòng)詞原形
主語(yǔ)+would(might,could)十動(dòng)詞原形

  2、對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí),條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would (should, could, might)+過(guò)去分詞。見(jiàn)下表:


條件狀語(yǔ)從司的動(dòng)詞形式
主句的動(dòng)詞形式
If+主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞 i(we)should+have+過(guò)去分詞
主語(yǔ)+could(might,could)+have+過(guò)去分詞

  3、表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),對(duì)將來(lái)表示懷疑,或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí),條件狀語(yǔ)從句和主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有以下形式:(見(jiàn)表)


條件狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式(三種)
主句的動(dòng)詞形式
(1)if十主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were),通常要與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.
(2)If+主語(yǔ)(任何人稱和數(shù))+should+動(dòng)詞原形
(3)if+主語(yǔ)(任何人稱和數(shù))+wereto+動(dòng)詞原形
I(we)should+動(dòng)詞原形
主語(yǔ)+would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形

  4、當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。這與以上三種情況不同,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式?jīng)]有遵循以上規(guī)律。

  5. 以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成以下形式:

  1)條件狀語(yǔ)從句省略if:在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,如果條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并將were, had 或should 放到句首,謂語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主語(yǔ)”的形式。這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣在意義上與帶if 的條件狀語(yǔ)從句相同。當(dāng)然,如果從句沒(méi)有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.

  2)用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。(可以改為條件狀語(yǔ)從句)。例如:

  Without air, there would be no living things.

  But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.

  3)用其他方式代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句(可以改寫為條件狀語(yǔ)從句。)例如:

  It would produce bad results to do that. 用動(dòng)詞不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.

  6、虛擬語(yǔ)氣省略條件從句或主句

  表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略,而省略部分的含義仍有所體現(xiàn)。


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