高三英語(yǔ)期末考試必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)概括
英語(yǔ)是典型的需要日常積累的學(xué)科，此時(shí)，"英語(yǔ)科沖刺階段的復(fù)習(xí)，就是要回到課本，把單詞和語(yǔ)法都重新看一遍"，不斷的進(jìn)行知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)，才能更好的加深印象。以下是小編給大家整理的高三英語(yǔ)期末考試必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)，希望大家能夠喜歡!
高三英語(yǔ)期末考試必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)概括
疑問(wèn)代詞概說(shuō)
"疑問(wèn)代詞有who(誰(shuí)，主格)，whom(誰(shuí)，賓格)，whose(誰(shuí)的，所有格)，what(什么)和which(哪個(gè)，哪些)等。
疑問(wèn)代詞用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中
疑問(wèn)代詞一般都放在句首，并在句中作為某一句子成分。如：
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天誰(shuí)來(lái)跟我們講話?(who作主語(yǔ))
Who told you so?是誰(shuí)告訴你的?(who作主語(yǔ))
Whom are you talking about ?你們?cè)谡f(shuō)誰(shuí)?(whom作賓語(yǔ)，但在句首時(shí)口語(yǔ)常用who代替whom)
Whose umbrella is this ?這是誰(shuí)的傘?(whose作定語(yǔ))
What is that? 那是什么?(what作表語(yǔ))
What did he say?他說(shuō)什么?(what作賓語(yǔ))
Which is yours，the blue pen or the redone?藍(lán)筆和紅筆哪一支是你的?(which作主語(yǔ))
[注一]關(guān)于疑問(wèn)代詞的各種用法，可參看77.70-77.72。
[注二]疑問(wèn)代詞who，what，which等后面加單詞ever，可強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的各種感情。如：
What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?
Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找誰(shuí)?
[注三]which表示在一定范圍之內(nèi)的選擇，what則沒(méi)有這種限制。如：
What do you usually have for lunch?你們午飯通常吃些什么?
Which do you like best?你最喜歡哪一個(gè)?
Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你們同志們中間誰(shuí)是東北人?
疑問(wèn)代詞可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)間接疑問(wèn)句
間接疑問(wèn)句在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。疑問(wèn)代詞本身在間接疑問(wèn)句中又擔(dān)任一定的句子成分。如：
Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.誰(shuí)將負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有決定。(疑問(wèn)代詞who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，它本身又在從句中用作主語(yǔ)。)
Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字嗎?(疑問(wèn)代詞what引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，而它本身又在從句中用作表語(yǔ)。)
[注一] what所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(即主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句) 有時(shí)不是間接疑問(wèn)句。如：
What he says is quite true.他所講的話很對(duì)。(what相當(dāng)于that which。它引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句不是間接疑問(wèn)句。)
Children do what the nurse tells them to do.保育員讓孩子干什么他們就做什么。(what引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句也不是間接疑問(wèn)句。)
[注二] whatever，whoever，whichever等詞可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。這些名詞性從句也不是間接疑問(wèn)句。whatever，whoever，whichever也可引導(dǎo)表示讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句。見(jiàn)15.65和15.72)如：
They eat whatever they can find.他們找到什么就吃什么。(whatever引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。)
I've got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get one from me.我還剩下許多書(shū)，誰(shuí)還想再要一本可來(lái)拿。(whoever引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。)
高三英語(yǔ)期末考試必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)
主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):
1. 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。
2. 用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)
用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
3. 不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務(wù)是我的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。
4. 用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。
5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:
Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。
6. 若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。
7. none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人無(wú)完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:
1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。
6. the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。 如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
高三英語(yǔ)期末考試知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1. 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件，方式或伴隨狀況。通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. 分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. 分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)
Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. 分詞短語(yǔ)作條件狀語(yǔ)
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things. (= and think that all children like these things.) 分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)
2. 有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，分詞前可帶when, while, if, though, as if, unless等連詞一起作狀語(yǔ)，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如：
When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
Though tired, he still continued reading.
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法比較。
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞單獨(dú)作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。分詞作狀語(yǔ)通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句，如果狀語(yǔ)分句或并列句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，就用過(guò)去分詞;如果狀語(yǔ)分句或并列句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：
When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
分詞部分相當(dāng)于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主語(yǔ)與分詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過(guò)去分詞。
When comparing it with the size of the whole earth, we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
When we compare it with the size of the whole earth... 主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。
Faced with a bill for,000(=Because he is faced with a bill for,000), John has taken an extra job.
Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always saying the same thing (= and he would say the same thing).
注意：
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種時(shí)態(tài)：一般式doing和完成式having done。一般式通常表示與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或無(wú)先后;完成式則強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作。如：
While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.(同時(shí)發(fā)生)
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (“等待”先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“意識(shí)到”)
2. 分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成: not +分詞。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
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高三英語(yǔ)期末考試必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)概括
