初三的英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)有哪些
語法是初中英語里比較難的,同時(shí)也是中考英語必考的一部分,下面小編為大家?guī)沓跞挠⒄Z語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)有哪些,希望對(duì)您有幫助,歡迎參考閱讀!
初三英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)
肯定句主語+動(dòng)詞三單+其他
否定句主語+doesn't+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
一般疑問句Does+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
肯定回答Yes,主語+does
否定回答No,主語+doesn't
特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
當(dāng)主語不是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)
肯定句主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
否定句主語+don't+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
一般疑問句Do+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他
用錯(cuò)結(jié)構(gòu)全句都錯(cuò),一定要注意。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。
初三英語必背的語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分,如分詞短語,不定式動(dòng)詞短語等,找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語,如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二:
(a)確定是邏輯主語,使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語,如:
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語,如:
③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語必須是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語是對(duì)的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):
第一,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語,所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí),它不需要邏輯主語,所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如:
② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,當(dāng)分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態(tài)度或意見時(shí),也不需要邏輯主語,因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
初三英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
下面這則廣告中的形容詞“irresistable”里的后綴( suffix)不對(duì),應(yīng)該把“-able”改為“-ible”:
“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”
到底是“-able”,還是“-ible”?這兩者有何不同?
現(xiàn)在先從形容詞的其他后綴談起。
形容詞后綴分兩大類。一類是加到名詞上的;另一類是加到動(dòng)詞上的。
㈠加到名詞上的主要有:① -y,如:bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly,如:costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful,如:careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less,如:careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious,如:dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial,如:accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic,如:artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish,如:childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like,如: life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en,如:skilled, horned, golden, wooden.
㈡加到動(dòng)詞上的有:① -ent/-ant,如:dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible,如: agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive,如:active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en,如:advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing,如:annoying, disgusting, entertaining.
-able/ible 出現(xiàn)在第二類后綴中,“-able”后綴的形容詞屬英語體系的字:“-ible”后綴的形容詞則來自拉丁體系。前者數(shù)量大,后者數(shù)量少,主要的是下面這些,可以特別留意:
accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.
現(xiàn)在順便把名詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞主要后綴提出,作為參考:
⑴名詞后綴
-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。這些名詞后綴都要加到適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞上,如:arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant.
-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等,可以加到適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~上如:darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.
⑵動(dòng)詞后綴:
加到名詞上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate,如:frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.
加到形容詞上的有 -ise/-ize, -en,如:modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.
⑶副詞后綴:
-ly,可以加到形容詞和某些名詞上,如:beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.
每個(gè)后綴都有一定的意思,但不能脫離詞根獨(dú)立生存,這點(diǎn)要特別注意,以免犯錯(cuò)。
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